Optimal coordination of directional overcurrent relays and distance relays using different optimization algorithms

Abstract The focus of this study is on solving the coordination problem between distance relays (DISRs) and directional overcurrent (DOCRs), which a complex nonlinear with various constraints. Ensuring proper DOCRs critical for maintaining security electrical networks. primary objective employing optimization algorithms to determine optimal operating time zone-2 relays, as well setting, dial setting (TDS), pickup current (Ipickup). techniques must also guarantee that backup operate in sequence without any violation. To end, both recent well-established are evaluated using an 8-bus network, aim determining relays. Furthermore, comparative analysis different algorithms, including traditional techniques, conducted.